Keyword Index 
e-insensitive loss, 330 
2D optical flow, 706 
A*, 641 
absolute shrinkage, 445 
acoustic classification, 678 
acoustic transients, 678 
active noise canceling, 664 
actor-critic architecture, 1052 
AdaBoost, 564 
adaptation, 3 
adaptive classification, 671 
adaptive partitioning, 961 
adaptive search, 1003 
additive modeling, 445 
admission control, 982 
analog computing, 281 
analog neuro-chip, 664 
analog noise, 281 
analog VLSI, 657, 671,692 
analogy, 38 
Angiotensin II, 975 
annealing, 466 
approximate E-step, 403 
approximate interpolation, 522 
approximation by neural networks, 295 
approximation function, 1024 
arcing, 564 
arithmetic, 17 
arm movements, 3, 83 
articulated figures, 768 
artifact removal, 118 
ARTMAP-FD, 875 
associative memories, 97 
associative multiplication, 17 
associative networks, 17 
asymmetric networks, 274 
asynchronous dynamic programming, 1003 
atmospheric fronts, 861 
attentional modulation, 789 
attractor neural networks, 97 
automatic speech recognition, 751 
autonavigation, 685 
autoregressive neural networks, 267 
average margin, 225 
average reward, 1073 
aVLSI implementation, 706 
backpropagation, 882 
bandwidth selection, 375 
baroreflex, 975 
Bayes networks, 183, 260, 361,775 
Bayesian 
Bayesian 
Bayesian 
Bayesian 
Bayesian 
Bayesian 
framework, 302, 309 
inference, 59, 382, 410 
integration, 924 
learning, 232, 810, 1059 
modeling, 723, 910 
prediction, 417 
Bayesian statistics, 246, 861 
behavior/gesture recognition, 924 
belief networks, 183, 260, 361,775 
belief propagation, 246 
benchmarks, 713 
Bhattacharyya distance, 896 
bias-variance tradeoff, 606, 620 
binary correlation matrix memory, 713 
bio-control, 975 
biometrics, 803 
biosequence analysis, 487 
blended memories, 24 
blind separation of sources, 508, 648, 931 
Boltzmann machines, 183, 351 
boosting, 253, 288 
boundary segmentation, 657 
bounding for maximization, 494 
BrownJan motion, 831 
calcium spikes, 931 
categorization, 59 
cellular neural networks, 657 
CEM algorithm, 494 
centroid localization, 685 
channel noise, 132 
character recognition, 847 
classification, 309, 438, 564, 838 
classifier systems, 989 
closure, 831 
clustering, 232, 368, 452, 543, 838 
coding, 246 
cognitive architecture, 38 
collective intelligence, 952 
com, binatorial optimization, 1017 
combined classifiers, 288 
competition and coexistence, 337 
competitive networks, 139 
complex cells, 90 
complexity analysis, 1003 
complexity control, 204 
compression, 536, 723 
computational complexity, 281 
computer graphics, 768, 882 
computer vision, 389, 466, 768, 782 
computer-aided diagnosis, 938 
concept learning, 59 
condensing, 838 
1086 Keyword Index 
conjunction search, 796 
constrained optimization, 557 
constraint solving, 706 
constructing macro-actions, 1045 
context, 938 
continuous state/action spaces, 1052 
contrast adaptation, 76 
convergence, 522, 968, 1024 
convergence rates, 501,641 
convolutions, 571 
cooperative activity, 111 
coordinate transformation, 1038 
coring, 473 
correlated noise, 167 
correlation-based learning, 125, 139 
cortical amplifiers, 90 
cortical circuits, 90, 104 
cortical maps, 139 
cortical modeling, 153 
cosine tuning, 83 
covariance function, 344 
cross-validation, 627 
curse of dimensionality, 961 
data mining, 543, 592, 896 
de-noising, 473, 536, 627 
degrees of freedom, 382 
dendritic integration, 132 
density estimation, 174, 522, 606, 723, 910 
dependency tree, 854 
desynchronization, 10 
deterministic anealing, 606 
developmental model, 139 
dial-a-ride problem, 1017 
differential geometry, 487 
differential Sharpe ratio, 917 
diffusion, 831 
digit recognition, 847 
directed graphs, 382 
discontinuities, 861 
discrete data, 466 
discriminative training, 494 
distribution function, 522 
divergence, 225 
dynamic Bayesian networks, 396 
dynamic binding, 38 
dynamic programming, 1024, 1031 
dynamic stability, 274 
dynamic trees, 634 
dynamical models, 389 
dynamical systems, 104, 160, 267,431,550, 882 
ecological vision, 153 
EEG, 118 
effective dimensionality, 382 
efficient coding, 730 
egomotion, 699 
eigen-analysis, 613 
eigenfaces, 910 
eigenvalue decomposition, 344 
electrocardiogram, 671 
eligibility traces, 1010 
EM algorithm, 239, 389, 396, 431,466, 494, 508, 
543,578,599, 606, 723, 854, 889, 
1052 
energy minimization, 706 
ensembles, 288 
entropy minimization, 723 
ERP, 118 
error models, 330 
event-related potentials, 118 
evolutionary game theory, 550 
excitatory-inhibitory networks, 274 
expectation maximization, 239, 389, 396, 403, 
431,466, 494, 508, 543, 578, 599, 
606, 723, 854, 889, 1052 
exploration, 1003 
extended Kalman smoothing, 403, 431 
face orientation, 854 
face recognition, 24, 803, 910 
facial morphs, 24 
factor analysis, 239, 599 
familiarity discrimination, 875 
fast synaptic &pression, 76 
fat-shattering dimension, 253 
feature extraction, 459, 473, 501, 515,536, 571 
feedback controller learning, 1038 
feedforward neural networks, 190, 323, 868 
FERET, 803 
finance, 410 
finite-dimensional approximation, 218 
firing rate representation, 160 
Fisher information, 167, 232 
Fisher scoring, 403 
fixed architecture, 868 
FMS, 459 
focal-plane image processing, 657 
focus of expansion, 699 
forward models, 3, 31,882, 1038 
fraud detection, 744, 889 
fuzzy ARTMAP, 875 
gain control, 153 
game theory, 961 
Gaussian mixtures, 578, 599, 945 
Gaussian processes, 218, 302, 309, 344, 487, 515, 
613, 861 
generalization, 45, 59, 197, 218, 253, 288, 302, 
316, 344, 737 
generalized EM, 403 
generafive models, 174, 810 
genetic algorithms, 989 
Gibbs learning, 232 
gradient descent, 968 
graph matching, 550, 896 
Keyword Index 1087 
graph theory, 424 
graphical models, 183, 487, 889, 924 
Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, 1024 
hard margins, 564 
hardware implementation, 664, 713 
Hebbian learning, 69, 125 
Helmholtz machine, 239 
hidden features, 613 
hidden Markov models, 723, 737,744, 751,889, 
924, 945 
hierarchical priors, 417 
hierarchical representations, 38, 52, 361,606, 938, 
1066 
histogram data, 452 
HMMs, 723, 737, 744, 751,889, 924, 945 
Hodgkin-Huxley, 160 
hormonal stimulus, 931 
human learning, 59 
human vision, 45 
hybrid SIR, 410 
hypercolumn, 789 
ICA, 118, 361,459, 473, 508, 648, 931 
illusory contour, 831 
Image coding, 508 
mage databases, 838, 910 
Image fusion, 824 
mage segmentation, 817 
mage statistics, 153 
mage transformations, 810 
imbalanced datasets, 253 
mplantable defibrillator, 671 
importance sampling, 424 
n-plane rotation, 847 
n-sample cross validation, 620 
incremental algorithms, 295, 875 
independent component analysis, 118, 361,459, 
473,508, 648, 931 
independent components, 153,480 
indirect algorithms, 996 
infomax, 76 
information geometry, 351 
information retrieval, 466, 480 
information theory, 111, 132 
nput generalization, 989 
nside/outside relations, 10 
nstruction scheduling, 903 
nteger programming, 368 
integrated processes, 267 
Interleaving planning and plan-execution, 1003 
ntracellular calcium, 931 
intracortical interaction, 796 
lnvariance, 810 
nverse models, 3, 31, 1038 
sometric embedding, 438 
junction trees, 889 
k-means, 838 
k-NN pattern classification, 713 
Kalman filtering, 410, 431,648 
kd-trees, 543 
kernel density estimation, 24 
kernel methods, 204, 302, 309, 585 
kernel PCA, 536 
kernel regression, 445 
kernel-adatron, 204 
Kullback-Leibler divergence, 183, 351,620 
language recognition, 281 
large datasets, 543 
large deviation theory, 260 
large margins, 564 
LASSO, 445 
latent-variable models, 515,529, 592, 723 
lateral connections, 139 
lazy learning, 375 
learning, 389, 501,723, 782, 1045, 1066 
learning curves, 218, 302, 344 
learning dynamics, 197, 316, 882 
learning macro-actions, 1045 
learning real-time heuristic search, 1003 
learning windows, 125 
LEGION, 10 
LIDAR range-finder, 945 
Lie groups, 810 
lifting, 627 
linear cables, 132 
linear programming, 585 
linear response, 351 
local model-selection, 375 
local PCA, 824 
local regression, 375 
local search, 1017 
long-term depression, 69 
long-term potentiation, 69 
low-level vision, 775 
macro-actions, 1045, 1066 
mammograms, 938 
manifold learning, 768 
MAP estimation, 723, 896 
margins, 253, 288 
Markov chain Monte Carlo, 382, 634 
Markov chains, 267 
Markov decision processes, 996, 1031, 1059, 1066 
Markov models, 389 
Markov processes on curves, 751 
mathematical psychological models, 24 
maximum clique, 550 
maximum conditional likelihood, 494 
maximum entropy learning, 761 
maximum likelihood, 104, 494, 508, 592 
maximum margin, 557 
mean field approximations, 183, 309, 351 
medical images, 938 
1088 Keyword Index 
memory, 24 
memory-based learning, 375,952 
memoryless policies, 1073 
microcalcification, 938 
micropower, 671 
minimax learning, 761 
mistake bound, 225 
mixed-mode VLSI, 678 
mxture models, 382, 452, 466, 494, 508,543, 599 
mxture of modes, 403 
model learning, 1059 
model selection, 204, 1059 
modularity, 31 
Monte Carlo, 410, 1073 
motion discrimination, 45 
motion estimation, 174, 775 
motion perception, 45 
motor control, 3, 31 
motor cortex, 83 
motor learning, 3 
multi-criteria, 982 
multi-unit recording, 111 
multidimensional scaling, 438 
multinomial distribution, 417 
multiple models, 31 
multiplicative update algorithms, 578 
multiresolution, 938 
mutual information, 160, 232 
nearest neighbors, 838, 875 
network routing, 952 
neural coding, 132 
neural development, 160 
neural networks, 968 
neural population, 167 
neuromorphic engineering, 657, 692 
neuronal regulation, 97 
noise robustness, 281 
non-Hebbian learning, 160 
non-linear control, 975 
non-metric similarity, 838 
non-stationarity modelling, 508 
nonlinear dynamics, 3 
nonlinear PCA, 536 
nonlinear state space model, 403 
normalization, 153 
normalized Gaussian networks, 1052 
novelty detection, 875 
numerical methods, 557 
numerical representation, 17 
object manipulation, 31 
object recognition, 606, 782 
object-based attention, 52 
obstacle avoidance, 685 
ocular dominance, 139 
on-chip learning, 664 
on-line algorithms, 225 
on-line EM algorithm, 1052 
on-line learning, 197, 316, 396, 578 
optical flow, 699 
optimal control, 1024, 1052, 1073 
optimal memoryless policies, 1010 
optimization, 288, 64 1 
orientation discrimination, 847, 854 
orientation selective circuit, 274 
oscillations, 274 
oscillatory correlation, 10 
pairwise clustering, 424 
parameter estimation, 232, 578, 723 
parameter priors, 723, 945 
part-whole relationships, 52 
patti-game, 961 
partial observability, 1073 
partially observable Markov decision processes, 
968, 989, 1010, 1059, 1073 
particle detectors, 868 
pattern recognition, 868 
pattern vision, 789 
PCA, 382, 459, 515, 803, 910 
penalized likelihood estimation, 620 
perceptual learning, 45 
phase diagrams, 337 
phase space, 761 
physics-based animation, 882 
PI control, 975 
piecewise-polynomial activation function, 323 
planning, 1066 
Plefka expansion, 351 
Poisson processes, 125 
polynomial activation, 190 
polynomial approximation, 571 
POMDPs, 968, 989, 1010, 1059, 1073 
pop-out, 796, 817 
population coding, 104, 146, 167, 174 
population vector, 83 
practical application, 664 
pre-attentive segmentation, 796 
prediction, 253 
primary visual cortex, 76, 90 
principal component analysis, 382, 459, 515, 803, 
910 
principal curves, 501,536 
>rior knowledge, 585 
>riots selection, 924 
>robabilistic clustering, 452 
>robabilistic filtering, 396 
>robabilistic fusion, 824 
>robabilistic graphical models, 396 
>robabilistic inference, 592, 723 
>robabilistic modeling, 361,854, 945 
>rojected Bayes regression, 218 
>roximity data, 438, 452 
seudo-Euclidean space, 438 
psychophysics, 789 
Keyword Index 1089 
Q-learning, 917, 996, 1031 
quad-trees, 571 
quadratic programming, 550 
quality of service, 982 
quantization, 571, 713 
radar identification, 875 
radial basis functions, 431,529, 768 
randomized trace estimates, 620 
re-sampling methods, 529 
real-time recurrent learning, 917 
recurrent neural networks, 76, 90, 104, 211,337, 
706, 882, 952 
recursive least-squares, 375 
regime-switching model, 889 
regression, 302, 330, 494, 585 
regular languages, 281 
regularity detection, 52 
regularization, 459, 585, 737 
reinforcement learning, 903, 917, 952,961,968, 
982, 989, 996, 1003, 1010, 1017, 
1024, 1031, 1045, 1052, 1059, 1066 
reproducing kernel Hilbert space, 620 
revenue maximization, 982 
ridge regression, 445 
risk-sensitive control, 1031 
robot docking, 945 
robotic agents, 1010 
rollout, 903 
rotation invariance, 847 
run-length encoding, 571 
saliency, 817 
sampling methods, 410 
SARSA algorithm, 1010, 1045 
scale invariance, 831 
search asymmetry, 796 
selective amplification, 274 
self motion, 699 
self-organizing networks, 83, 97, 139 
semi-Markov decision processes, 1066 
semi-supervised learning, 368 
semiparametric models, 585 
sensitivity analysis, 917 
sensor fusion, 824 
sensorimotor learning, 1038 
sensorimotor mapping, 83 
sequence processing, 744 
sequence storage, 211 
sequential learning, 410 
sequential minimal optimization, 557 
shape from shading, 775 
shape recognition, 896 
shift invariance, 730 
short-range interactions, 789 
short-term memory, 1059 
shortest path algorithms, 952 
shrinkage, 473 
signal detection, 132 
signal processing, 146 
signal transduction models, 975 
similarity, 487 
simulated annealing, 634 
single-trial ERP, 118 
sngular points, 699 
sze-weight illusion, 31 
slow synaptic plasticity, 76 
SMO, 557 
smoothing, 606 
soft classification, 620 
soft margins, 564 
sound localization, 692 
sound processing, 692 
sparse coding, 459, 473, 730 
spatial models, 861 
speech processing, 730, 744 
speech production, 744 
speech recognition, 737, 744 
spike coding, 125, 160 
spike sorting, 146 
spike timing, 69 
spiral problem, 10 
spline smoothing, 445 
split and merge operations, 599 
state space approaches, 648 
stationarity, 267 
statistical image processing, 817 
statistical learning theory, 368 
statistical mechanics, 183, 309 
statistical physics, 246 
stimulus representations, 24 
stochastic algorithms, 522 
stochastic completion field, 831 
stochastic policies, 1073 
stochastic systems, 281,396 
storage capacity, 211 
structural risk minimization, 438 
structure discovery, 723 
structure formation, 125 
subset selection, 445 
supervised learning, 494, 838 
support vector machines, 204, 253, 330, 368, 438, 
487, 536, 557, 564, 585, 803 
symmetric networks, 274 
synaptic modification, 97 
synaptic noise, 132 
synaptic plasticity, 69 
synaptic pruning, 97 
synchrony and asynchrony, 10, 38 
synergy, 111 
synthetic agents, 924 
system identification, 431 
TAP approach, 246, 351 
task difficulty, 45 
telecommunication, 889 
telecommunication networks, 982 
1090 Keyword Index 
template correlation, 678 
temporal abstraction, 1066 
temporal coding, 69 
texture, 452, 817 
time delays, 10 
time series, 267, 396, 431,723 
trading system optimization, 917 
tragedy of the commons, 952 
transduction, 368 
transfer, 45 
tree-structured belief network, 634 
triangle inequality, 838 
TSBN, 634 
tuning curves, 167 
uncertain position, 938 
unequal loss, 253 
uniform convergence, 996 
unlabeled data, 368, 854 
unsupervised classification, 508 
unsupervised learning, 52, 232,459, 466, 515, 
723, 810 
upper and lower bounds, 295 
V1,796 
value functions, 1017 
value iteration, 996 
Vapnik-Chernovenkis bounds, 190, 204, 323 
variability, 69 
variable resolution, 961 
variational methods, 183, 260, 361,592 
vector quantization, 501, 671 
verification, 803 
video fusion, 824 
vision, 838 
vision chips, 685,699 
visual attention, 789, 817 
visual correspondence, 768 
visual cortex, 831 
vsual feedback control, 1038 
visual perception, 10 
visual recognition, 810 
visual responses, 90 
visual scene analysis, 52, 775 
visual search, 641,796, 817 
visual surveillance, 723, 924 
visualization, 452,592 
Wake-Sleep algorithm, 239 
wavelet regression, 627 
wavelets, 473, 627 
wind fields, 861 
worst-case control, 1031 
